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The swift uptake of Electric Vehicles (EVs) has increased the demand for improved Battery Management Systems (BMS) to ensure the safety, efficiency, and durability of lithium-ion batteries. This review explores the current advancements in EV battery monitoring technologies, with a focus on sensing mechanisms that estimate critical parameters such as battery states and thermal conditions. Various sensor technologies, including image-based methods, acoustic sensing, force sensors, thermal sensors , magnetic probing and optical sensors , are reviewed and discussed, highlighting their advantages, limitations, and suitability for practical applications. Additionally, gaps and challenges within the field are identified, including cell-level sensing, onboard monitoring, data acquisition mechanism, fault diagnostics and the application of sensors for internal analysis. These challenges underscore the necessity of developing scalable, non-invasive, and cost-effective solutions.
Khan et al. (Sat,) studied this question.