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Power electronic converters are widely used in various fields of electrical equipment. Due to their fast dynamics and non-linear nature, controlling them requires dealing with various complexities. Therefore, having a well-designed, high-speed, and robust controller is critical to ensure the effective operation of these devices. In a DC-DC converter, steady-state performance with minimum error and fast dynamic response relies on controller design. This paper presents the design of a multi-stage PID controller with an N-filter combined with a one plus proportional derivative (1+PD) controller. This controller illustrates fast tracking reference voltage; additionally, it shows incredible results when the DC-DC converter operates in different modes. The parameters of the proposed controller are effectively determined using the golden eagle optimization (GEO) algorithm. Furthermore, a comprehensive comparison between the proposed controller, proportional-integral-derivative (PID), and fractional order PID (FOPID) controllers, as well as different metaheuristic optimization methods in various conditions, has been conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed controller. The behavior of the closed-loop system under different conditions has been thoroughly investigated. The superior time and frequency domain characteristics of the closed-loop system with the PIDn(1+PD) controller highlight its superiority over other controllers. The demonstrated enhancements in settling time, voltage regulation accuracy, and transient response emphasize the potential applicability of the proposed control strategy in real-world power electronics systems, particularly in scenarios requiring high efficiency, stability, and dynamic performance.
Jabari et al. (Sun,) studied this question.