A critical review of foreign language anxiety-reduction interventions: Toward a conceptual turn in foreign language anxiety research

Foreign language anxiety (FLA) has been widely studied over the past four decades, yet the effectiveness of anxiety-reduction strategies remains insufficiently understood. This article offers a critical review of research on FLA-reduction interventions, synthesizing the findings from experimental studies across four major categories: emotion regulation, cognitive restructuring, skill building, and classroom environment enhancement. While many strategies show promise, the field lacks a coherent, psychologically grounded framework for supporting anxious learners. Drawing on psychological theories including cognitive-behavioral, acceptance-based, and analytical frameworks and emerging Daoism-inspired psychological perspectives, this article argues for a conceptual shift in FLA research: from viewing anxiety as a surface-level symptom to be eliminated toward understanding it as a meaningful psychological signal that may reflect deeper learner-internal processes. The article proposes an interdisciplinary approach that integrates pedagogical practice with psychological insight, positioning anxiety as a potential catalyst for self-awareness and growth. Implications for language teaching and future directions for FLA research are discussed.