Going Beyond The Ability-Trait Debate: The Three-Level Model of Emotional Intelligence

This paper presents a unifying model that aims to reconcile two conflicting conceptions of emotional intelligence (EI): the conception of EI as a form of intelligence (ability EI) and the conception of EI as a personality trait (trait EI). The paper starts with a synthesis and critical examination of the main arguments of each perspective. Based on this review, it is suggested that both perspectives have contributed to extend scientific knowledge about emotional skills underlying processes and outcomes. In order to enable them both to exist in their own right, a Three-Level Model of EI (knowledge – abilities – dispositions) is suggested. The paper is concluded by emphasizing the implications of the model for both research and practice.