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Vacancies pose a major challenge in the production of high-quality crystals, particularly at the nanoscale. To address this problem, we report a convenient strategy that involves volumetric lattice reconstruction and dynamic metal complex docking to produce ultrasmall (10 nm) and bright core-shell upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs). This strategy involves the formation of lanthanide ion-oleic acid complexes during postannealing in solution, which effectively removes vacancies in nanocrystals. The removal of vacancies restricts the diffusion of lanthanide sensitizers and emitters within the core, thus minimizing surface quenching. Our volumetric lattice reconstruction strategy provides fundamental insights into lattice engineering and presents a general strategy for purifying functional nanocrystals for applications in fields such as single-molecule tracking, quantum optics, energy conversion, and others.
Chen et al. (Tue,) studied this question.