Cardiometabolic comorbidity burden and mortality in the United States and China

Figures

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  Figure 1. Distribution of CMB status and CMB count across cohorts (A) Prevalence of no CMB and any CMB within each cohort. (B) Distribution of CMB count within each cohort. CMB count was defined as the number of coexisting metabolic disorders, including hypertension, DM, and dyslipidemia. Bars represent within-cohort proportions. Abbreviation: CMB, cardiometabolic comorbidity burden; DM, diabetes mellitus.

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  Figure 2. Kaplan-Meier curves for all-cause mortality according to CMB count (A) NHANES, (B) HRS, (C) CHARLS, and (D) CHNS. Shaded areas indicate 95% CIs. Abbreviation: CHARLS, China health and retirement longitudinal study; CHNS, China health and nutrition survey; CI, confidence interval; CMB, cardiometabolic comorbidity burden; HRS, health and retirement study; NHANES, national health and nutrition examination survey.

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  Figure 3. RCS analyses of CMB count and all-cause mortality (A) NHANES, (B) HRS, (C) CHARLS, and (D) CHNS. HRs were estimated using the fully adjusted Cox model. Solid lines represent HRs, and shaded areas represent 95% CIs. Overall and non-linear associations were assessed using Wald tests. Abbreviation: CHARLS, China health and retirement longitudinal study; CHNS, China health and nutrition survey; CI, confidence interval; CMB, cardiometabolic comorbidity burden; HR, hazard ratio; HRS, health and retirement study; NHANES, national health and nutrition examination survey; RCS, restricted cubic spline.

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  Figure 4. Random-effects meta-analyses of the associations between CMB count and mortality outcomes CMB count 0 was used as the reference category. Squares represent cohort-specific estimates, and diamonds represent pooled estimates. Horizontal lines indicate 95% CIs. HRs were derived from the fully adjusted Cox models and pooled using inverse-variance random-effects models. Abbreviation: CHARLS, China health and retirement longitudinal study; CHNS, China health and nutrition survey; CI, confidence interval; CMB, cardiometabolic comorbidity burden; HR, hazard ratio; HRS, health and retirement study; NHANES, national health and nutrition examination survey; SE, standard error.

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  Figure 5. Random-effects meta-analyses of individual and combined metabolic disorders in relation to mortality outcomes HRs were derived from fully adjusted Cox models and pooled using inverse-variance random-effects models. Squares represent cohort-specific estimates, and diamonds represent pooled estimates. Horizontal lines indicate 95% CIs. Abbreviation: CHARLS, China health and retirement longitudinal study; CHNS, China health and nutrition survey; CI, confidence interval; DM, diabetes mellitus; HR, hazard ratio; HRS, health and retirement study; NHANES, national health and nutrition examination survey; SE, standard error.