Ubiquitination and Proteasomal Degradation of the BRCA1 Tumor Suppressor Is Regulated during Cell Cycle Progression

The BRCA1 tumor suppressor and the BARD1 protein form a stable heterodimeric complex that can catalyze the formation of polyubiquitin chains. Expression of BRCA1 fluctuates in a cell cycle-dependent manner, such that low steady-state levels of BRCA1 gene products are found in resting cells and early G1 cycling cells and high levels in S and G2 phase cells. Although transcriptional activation of the BRCA1 gene can account for induction of BRCA1 expression at the G1/S transition, the mechanisms by which BRCA1 is down-regulated during cell cycle progression have not been addressed. Here we show that the steady-state levels of BRCA1 protein remain elevated throughout mitosis but begin to decline at the M/G1 transition. This decline in BRCA1 levels coincides with the appearance of proteasome-sensitive ubiquitin conjugates of BRCA1 at the onset of G1. Formation of these conjugates occurs throughout G1 and S, but not in cells arrested in prometaphase by nocodazole. The proteasome-sensitive ubiquitin conjugates of BRCA1 appear to be distinct from BRCA1 autoubiquitination products and are probably catalyzed by the action of other cellular E3 ligases. Interestingly, co-expression of BARD1 inhibits the formation of these conjugates, suggesting that BARD1 serves to stabilize BRCA1 expression in part by reducing proteasome-sensitive ubiquitination of BRCA1 polypeptides. In summary, these data indicate that the cell cycle-dependent pattern of BRCA1 expression is determined in part by ubiquitin-dependent proteasomal degradation.