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Achieving net-zero emissions in aviation requires using 100% sustainable aviation fuels (SAFs), which demands a 57% annual increase in production between 2022 and 2030 followed by a 13% yearly growth rate from 2030 onward. Although third-generation feedstocks demonstrate significant potential for high emissions reduction (∼8. 0 gCO 2 e/MJ) with low cost and high sustainability, the variation in feedstocks currently utilized in SAF production has achieved only a 1. 47% reduction in CO 2 emissions. A techno-economic analysis has demonstrated that a hybrid pathway is the most effective method for producing SAF. For cost-effective SAF production, a hybrid approach leveraging hydroprocessed esters and fatty acids (HEFA) for short-term scalability and catalytic decarboxylation and gasification/Fischer–Tropsch/pyrolysis (0. 40/L) for long-term sustainability is considered. The life cycle assessment (LCA) of SAFs indicates a potential reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 26–93% compared to fossil-based jet fuel, excluding land use change effects (LUC). However, including direct and indirect LUC in LCA is crucial for a comprehensive assessment. Infrastructure requirements for SAF deployment at airports must adopt a forward-thinking approach, exploring innovative solutions and policies to promote SAF usage. Further investment in feedstock availability, process optimization, and infrastructure could lower prices, enabling greater market penetration.
Ismael et al. (Thu,) studied this question.