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activation is still generally preferred for its ease of operation, lower cost, and shorter preparation time. Several mechanisms related to heavy metal adsorption on biomass wastes-AC were also discussed in detail, such as (i)physical adsorption/deposition of metals, (ii) -ion-exchange between protonated oxygen-containing functional groups (-OH, -COOH) and divalent metal cations (M 2+ ), (iii) -electrostatic interaction between oppositelycharged ions, (iv) -surface complexation between functional groups (-OH, O 2-, -CO-NH-, and -COOH) and heavy metal ions/complexes, and (v) -precipitation/co-precipitation technique. Additionally, key parameters affecting the adsorption performance were scrutinized. In general, this review offers a comprehensive insight into the production of AC from lignocellulosic biomass and its application in treating heavy metals-polluted water, showing that biomass-originated AC could bring great benefits to the environment, economy, and sustainability.
Hoang et al. (Thu,) studied this question.