Cognitive learning approach to enhance university students' visualization of molecular geometry in chemical compounds: A case study in Saudi Arabia

Undergraduate university students often struggle with visualizing and understanding molecular structures. Traditional teaching methods often fail to address these challenges effectively. Evaluating the effectiveness of an intervention using 3D visualization tools based on the Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) approach to enhance students' understanding of molecular geometry in chemical compounds. A mixed-methods experimental design was used in 56 undergraduate organic chemistry students at Majmaah University, Saudi Arabia. Participants were randomly assigned to an experimental group utilizing 3D visualization tools or a control group using traditional 2D diagrams and methods. Quantitative data were collected through pre- and post-intervention achievement tests. In addition, qualitative data were gathered at posttest using semi-structured interviews in a subsample of students from the experimental group to evaluate their experiences.Finally, in both groups, students’ pre- and posttest molecular structure drawings were analyzed to evaluate improvements in conceptual understanding and visualization skills. At posttest, the experimental group had significantly higher achievement scores than the control group, indicating improved understanding of molecular geometry as a result of the intervention. Students in the experimental group reported increased engagement, motivation, and confidence. They noted that 3D models made molecular structures more concrete and facilitated their spatial reasoning abilities. Analyses of drawings revealed that students in the experimental group produced more accurate and detailed molecular structures after the intervention than their controls, showcasing improved conceptual understanding and visualization abilities. Integrating 3D visualization tools in chemistry education may enhance students’ conceptual understanding, spatial skills, and engagement. Chemistry curricula should incorporate 3D models to improve learning outcomes, supported by faculty training for effective implementation.