Total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol-related indices as predictors of obstructive sleep apnea and cardiovascular mortality: A cross-sectional study

Figures

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  Figure 1.. Flow chart of study participants.

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  Figure 2.. Plots of estimated smoothing spline functions with 95% confidence band of the association between OSA and TC/HDL ((A) TC/HDL-RFM (B), and TC/HDL-BMI (C) in all participants. The red line and dashed line represent the estimated values and their corresponding 95% confidence interval. Analyses were adjusted for age, gender, race, PIR, BMI, education, daily alcohol consumption, physical activity status, smoking status, diabetes, hypertension, CAD, stroke, NAFLD, hemoglobin, ALT, BUN, SUA, use of lipid-lowering agents and glucose-lowering drugs. Two-piecewise linear models were used to estimate the risk inflection point, and effect sizes for per 1SD increase in TC/HDL-related indices before and after the inflection point were shown separately. ALT = alanine aminotransferase, BMI = body mass index, BUN = blood urea nitrogen, CAD = coronary atherosclerotic heart disease, HDL = high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, NAFLD = nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, OR = odds ratio, OSA = obstructive sleep apnea, PIR = poverty–income ratio, RFM = relative fat mass, TC = total cholesterol, SUA = serum uric acid.

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  Figure 3.. Subgroup and interaction analyses of OSA and TC/HDL (A), TC/HDL-RFM (B), and TC/HDL-BMI (C) in all participants. Analyses were adjusted for age, gender, race, PIR, BMI, education, daily alcohol consumption, physical activity status, smoking status, diabetes, hypertension, CAD, stroke, NAFLD, hemoglobin, ALT, BUN, SUA, use of lipid-lowering agents and glucose-lowering drugs. Effect estimates are expressed per 1SD increase. The strata variable was not included when stratifying by itself. CI, confidence intervals. ALT = alanine aminotransferase, BMI = body mass index, BUN = blood urea nitrogen, CAD = coronary atherosclerotic heart disease, HDL = high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, NAFLD = nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, OR = odds ratio, OSA = obstructive sleep apnea, PIR = poverty–income ratio, RFM = relative fat mass, TC = total cholesterol, SUA = serum uric acid.

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  Figure 4.. Receiver operating characteristic curve between OSA and TC/HDL, TC/HDL-RFM, and TC/HDL-BMI in all participants. AUC = area under the curve, BMI = body mass index, HDL = high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, OSA = obstructive sleep apnea, RFM = relative fat mass, TC = total cholesterol.

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  Figure 5.. Associations between TC/HDL, TC/HDL-RFM, and TC/HDL-BMI and all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in all participants. Analyses were adjusted for age, gender, race, PIR, BMI, education, daily alcohol consumption, physical activity status, smoking status, diabetes, hypertension, CAD, stroke, NAFLD, hemoglobin, ALT, BUN, SUA, use of lipid-lowering agents and glucose-lowering drugs. Effect estimates are expressed per 1SD increase. AUC = area under the curve, BMI = body mass index, BUN = blood urea nitrogen, CAD = coronary atherosclerotic heart disease, CI = confidence intervals, HDL = high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HR = hazard ratio, NAFLD = nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, OR = odds ratio, OSA = obstructive sleep apnea, PIR = poverty–income ratio, RFM = relative fat mass, TC = total cholesterol, SUA = serum uric acid.

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  Figure 6.. Restricted cubic spline curves for the associations of cardiovascular mortality with TC/HDL (A), TC/HDL-RFM (B), and TC/HDL-BMI (C) in all participants. The red line and dashed line represent the estimated values and their corresponding 95% confidence interval. Analyses were adjusted for age, gender, race, PIR, BMI, education, daily alcohol consumption, physical activity status, smoking status, diabetes, hypertension, CAD, stroke, NAFLD, hemoglobin, ALT, BUN, SUA, use of lipid-lowering agents and glucose-lowering drugs. Two-piecewise linear models were used to estimate the risk inflection point, and effect sizes for per 1SD increase in TC/HDL-related indices before and after the inflection point were shown separately. AUC = area under the curve, BMI = body mass index, BUN = blood urea nitrogen, CAD = coronary atherosclerotic heart disease, CI = confidence intervals, HDL = high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HR = hazard ratio, NAFLD = nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, OR = odds ratio, OSA = obstructive sleep apnea, PIR = poverty–income ratio, RFM = relative fat mass, TC = total cholesterol, SUA = serum uric acid.

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  Figure 7.. Subgroup and interaction analyses of cardiovascular mortality and TC/HDL (A), TC/HDL-RFM (B), and TC/HDL-BMI (C) in all participants. Analyses were adjusted for age, gender, race, PIR, BMI, education, daily alcohol consumption, physical activity status, smoking status, diabetes, hypertension, CAD, stroke, NAFLD, hemoglobin, ALT, BUN, SUA, use of lipid-lowering agents and glucose-lowering drugs. Effect estimates are expressed per 1SD increase. The strata variable was not included when stratifying by itself. AUC = area under the curve, BMI = body mass index, BUN = blood urea nitrogen, CAD = coronary atherosclerotic heart disease, CI = confidence intervals, HDL = high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HR = hazard ratio, NAFLD = nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, OR = odds ratio, OSA = obstructive sleep apnea, PIR = poverty–income ratio, RFM = relative fat mass, TC = total cholesterol, SUA = serum uric acid.