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ABSTRACT The laboratory diagnosis of Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is controversial. Nucleic acid amplification tests (NAAT) and toxin enzyme immunoassays (EIA) are most widely used, often in combination. However, the interpretation of a positive NAAT and negative toxin immunoassay (NAAT+/EIA−) is uncertain. PubMed and EMBASE were searched for studies reporting clinical outcomes in NAAT+/EIA− versus NAAT+/EIA+ patients. Forty-six studies comprising 33,959 patients were included in this meta-analysis. All-cause mortality (RR 0.96, 95% CI 0.80–1.15), attributable mortality (RR 0.61, 95% CI 0.20–1.91), fulminant CDI (RR 0.83, 95% CI 0.57–1.20), radiographic evidence of CDI (RR 0.87, 95% CI 0.65–1.16), total CDI complications (RR 0.95, 95% CI 0.59–1.53), colectomies (RR 0.78, 95% CI 0.34–1.79), and ICU admission (RR 1.04, 95% CI 0.84–1.30) did not significantly differ between NAAT+/EIA− and NAAT+/EIA+ patients. However, rates of recurrent (RR 0.62, 95% CI 0.50–0.77) or severe (RR 0.74, 95% CI 0.63–0.88) CDI were significantly lower in NAAT+/EIA− patients than in NAAT+/EIA+ patients. The pooled prevalence of NAAT+/EIA− patients who were treated with antibiotics for CDI was 73.4% (pooled proportion 0.72, 95% CI 0.52–0.88). NAAT+/EIA− patients have lower rates of recurrence and are at reduced risk for severe CDI compared with NAAT+/EIA+ patients but have a risk of CDI-related complications and mortality comparable to that of NAAT+/EIA+ patients. Toxin results cannot rule in or rule out CDI, and the decision whether to treat symptomatic NAAT+/EIA− patients for CDI should be based on clinical presentation and not on the toxin result. IMPORTANCE Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is a common cause of healthcare-associated infections and the leading cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. However, the laboratory diagnosis of CDI, primarily done by nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT) and enzyme immunoassay (EIA), is controversial, especially in patients who test positive by NAAT but negative by EIA. In this systematic review, we compared the clinical outcomes of NAAT+/EIA− versus NAAT+/EIA+ patients and found that the two groups have similar risk of mortality and CDI-related complications. However, NAAT+/EIA− patients had significantly lower rates of recurrence and severe CDI than NAAT+/EIA+ patients, and most NAAT+/EIA− patients received CDI therapy. Toxin testing can help to predict the likelihood of CDI recurrence or severe infection, but the toxin result should not be a determining factor in the administration of CDI therapy. The decision on whether to treat NAAT+/EIA− patients should be based on clinical assessment.
Tansarli et al. (Thu,) studied this question.