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Environmental pollution caused by heavy metals, dyes, and emerging contaminants is a critical ecological and health risk. Recently, plant biomass-derived nanomaterials have emerged as promising green adsorbents for removing such pollutants, because of their abundance, renewability, and eco-friendly properties. This review systematically summarizes the preparation, functionalization, and applications of plant biomass nanomaterials, including nanocellulose, nanolignin, and hybrid composites, in environmental pollutant adsorption. Emphasis is placed on the adsorption mechanisms, such as physical adsorption, chemical interactions, ion exchange, and complexation. Advances in hybrid composites, magnetic nanomaterials, and multifunctional aerogels, reflecting the rapid progress toward efficient, selective, and reusable adsorbents are highlighted. Further, challenges related to material stability, regeneration, scalability, and environmental safety are critically discussed. The review concludes with an examination of emerging trends and future perspectives, advocating for the development of multifunctional, smart, and sustainable plant biomass-based nanomaterials for global pollutant remediation. This graphical abstract presents the applications of nanomaterials prepared from various raw materials. • Plant biomass nanomaterials can be regarded as green adsorbents for removing pollutants. • The advancements in various materials have facilitated the rapid development of efficient, selective and reusable adsorbents.
Wang et al. (Thu,) studied this question.