Ozone trends and their sensitivity in global megacities under the warming climate

Tropospheric ozone formation depends on the emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOC) and nitrogen oxides (NOx). In megacities, abundant VOC and NOx sources cause relentlessly high ozone episodes, affecting a large share of the global population. This study uses data from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument for formaldehyde (HCHO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) as proxy data for VOC and NOx emissions, respectively, with their ratio serving as an indicator of ozone sensitivity. Ground-level ozone (O3) reanalysis from the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring is used to assess the O3 trends. We evaluate changes from 2005 to 2019 and their relationship with the warming environment in 41 megacities worldwide, applying seasonal Mann-Kendall, trend decomposition methods, and Pearson correlation analysis. We reveal significant increases in global HCHO (0.1 to 0.31 × 1015 mol cm−2 year−1) and regionally varying NO2 (−0.22 to 0.07 × 1015 mol cm−2 year−1). O3 trends range from −0.31 to 0.70 ppb year−1, highlighting the relevance of precursor abundance on O3 levels. The strong correlation between precursor emissions and increasing temperature suggests that O3 will continue to rise as climate change persists. Satellite observations of formaldehyde and nitrogen dioxide, key species contributing to ozone formation, reveal that rising temperatures and emissions are driving increased ozone levels globally in urban and remote environments