Workplace Bullying in Korea: Validation of the Negative Acts Questionnaire and Identification of Latent Profiles

This study validated the Korean Negative Acts Questionnaire (NAQ) and examined workplace bullying patterns among 700 Korean employees. The NAQ was translated and culturally adapted using back-translation procedures. Confirmatory factor analysis supported the original three-factor structure, with all subscales demonstrating high internal consistency and expected correlations with mental health and work-related outcomes. Latent profile analysis identified a three-class solution consisting of non-exposed, occasionally exposed, and Severe targets. BCH-adjusted comparisons showed that exposed groups reported higher levels of depression and anxiety and lower job satisfaction and work engagement than the non-exposed group. These findings provide robust evidence for the psychometric validity of the Korean NAQ and highlight the variability in workplace bullying exposure levels, underscoring the need for targeted organizational interventions.