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Microglia, the resident immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS), are crucial for normal brain development and function. They become reactive in response to brain injury and disease, a process known as microglial reactivity. This reactivity, along with microglial homeostasis, is tightly regulated by the local microenvironment and interactions with surrounding cells. The TGF-β signaling pathway plays an essential role in this regulation. Recent genetic studies employing microglia-specific manipulation of the TGF-β signaling pathway have shed light on its significance in microglial development, homeostasis and reactivity. This review provides an updated overview of how TGF-β signaling modulates microglial function and reactivity, contributing to our understanding of microglial biology in health and disease.
Li et al. (Mon,) studied this question.