Parallel End-to-End Autonomous Mining: An IoT-Oriented Approach

This article proposes a new solution for end-to-end autonomous mining operations: Internet of Things (IoT)-based parallel mining, consisting of the concept definition, the solution given, and the concrete realization. The proposed parallel mining is inspired by the artificial societies (A) for modeling, computational experiments (C) for analysis, and parallel execution (P) for control (ACP) approach. The basic framework of parallel mining is given and its advantages are expounded. Then, the solution of parallel mining is proposed, which is mainly composed of four parts: 1) the management and control center for autonomous mining; 2) the autonomous transportation platform of truck; 3) the semiautonomous mining/shovel platform; and 4) the remote takeover platform. Key technologies of IoT-based parallel mining are discussed in detail, namely, network communication, virtual parallel mining construction, mining environment perception over-the-horizon for the moving area and obstacle detection, collaborative decision making, planning, and control for unmanned mining equipment, and parallel taking-over and remote control. Finally, the performance of IoT-based parallel mining, including fusion perception, collaborative decision making, planning, and control, is evaluated. The realization of parallel mining can fundamentally improve the safety of personnel and equipment, reduce the cost of mining operation, and increase the production rate.