National and provincial burden of disease attributable to fine particulate matter air pollution in China, 1990–2021: an analysis of data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

BACKGROUND: in China from 1990 to 2021. METHODS: pollution from solid fuels, was evaluated across 33 provincial administrative units in China. FINDINGS: continued to increase and only began to decline in the past decade. INTERPRETATION: control and public health promotion in China. Stricter control of ambient air pollution is needed in northern and northwestern regions, while promoting clean cooking energy is more urgently warranted in southwestern areas. FUNDING: National Natural Science Foundation of China, National Key Research and Development Program of China, Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Major Project, China Postdoctoral Science Foundation.