Investigates energy intensity's relationship with economic growth, urbanization, and financial development in Japan, suggesting significant impacts over time.
The study investigates the time-frequency interdependence between energy intensity and key economic indicators in Japan. The results reveal a consistent inverse relationship between economic growth and energy intensity, particularly over medium- to long-term periods. The connection between urbanization and energy demand has evolved from unstable to increasingly inverse and synchronized after 2008. In contrast, the effect of financial system development on energy intensity remains weak and inconsistent at all frequencies.
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Trâm et al. (2026) studied this question.
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