Reconstructed proton angular momentum structure: Insights from Patterson function analysis

This study presents spatial distributions of the proton’s mass/energy, mechanical forces, and angular momentum derived from gravitational form factors using a model‑independent Patterson function approach. A potential refinement would involve using Bq directly instead of deriving it from Bq=2Ji−Ai, as the reconstruction introduces compounded uncertainties. The reconstruction provides empirical profiles without reliance on theoretical assumptions, offering new visualizations of internal hadronic structure.