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Demonstrates utility of bootstrap embedding for computing dipole moments and atomic forces, indicating advanced applications in machine learning.
We demonstrate the utility of back-transformed bootstrap embedding (BE) one- and two-particle density matrices (1 and 2-PDMs) by computing dipole moments and force gradients for several polar systems. The resulting mean absolute error in atomic force gradients at BE2/CCSD is approximately 0.003 au/bohr even in most polar and strained environments, and these forces further enable stable geometry optimization trajectories. We refer to this approach for generating molecular properties as Bootstrap Embedding-Direct Matrices (BE-DM). This efficient evaluation of dipole moments and atomic force gradients holds significant promise for machine learning applications, where coupled-cluster-level forces can substantially enhance the quality of machine-learned potentials.
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Yi Sun (2026) studied this question.
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