Evaluation of Lattice Site and Valence of Mn and Fe in Polycrystalline PbTiO ₃ by Electron Spin Resonance and Thermogravimetry

The oxides of Mn and Fe or combinations of La 2 O 3 with these oxides were incorporated into PbTiO 3 under defined thermodynamic conditions. The substitution reaction of these additives was examined gravimetrically. At low partial pressures of O 2 and PbO vapor, Mn 2+ and Fe 2+ are formed at the A sites, and Mn 3+ and Fe 3+ enter both A and B sites. At higher partial pressures of PbO, Mn 4+ is most probably formed at the B sites. The Mn 2+ , Mn 4+ , and Fe 3+ were determined by ESR.