Diabetes Mellitus Promotes Atrial Structural Remodeling and PARP-1/Ikkα/NF-κB Pathway Activation in Mice

Figures

• 

  Figure 1. Comparison of body weight (A), FPG (B), FIns (C) and HOMA-IR(D) levels in the 2 groups. The data are expressed as the mean ± SD. Dietary intervention started at 6–8 weeks of age (time-point, 0). *P<0.05 vs Con; **P<0.01 vs Con; ΔΔP<0.001 vs Con.

• 

  Figure 2. Comparison of atrial weights in the 2 groups. Atrial weight was measured and normalized to body weight. The data are expressed as the mean ± SD. **P<0.001 vs Control after modelling.

• 

  Figure 3. Diabetic mice exhibit dyslipidaemia. Plasma total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels were determined from independent samples from Con and DM mice (means ± SD. *P<0.05 vs Con).

• 

  Figure 4. Haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining of atrial sections from mice in the 2 groups (Con n=10, DM n=11). Atrial myofibers were stained red, while nuclei were stained blue-purple. Con mice exhibited complete and regular atrial myocardial structures. In contrast, atrial myofibers were disorderly arrayed in DM mice. Representative images are shown at magnifications of ×100 (top panels) and ×200 (bottom panels). Red boxes show the partial magnification.

• 

  Figure 5. Masson’s staining of atrial sections from mice in the 2 groups (Con n=10, DM n=11). Atrial myocytes were stained red, while collagen fibers were stained blue-purple. DM mouse atria exhibited large amounts of disorderly collagen fibers compared to those of Con mouse atrial tissue. Representative images are shown at magnifications of ×100 (top panels) and ×200 (bottom panels). Red boxes show the partial magnification.

• 

  Figure 6. Semiquantitative assessment of collagen in atrial tissue in the 2 groups (Con n=10, DM n=11). Atrial tissue of DM mice exhibited larger collagen areas. The results are expressed as the means ± SD; *P<0.05 vs Con.

• 

  Figure 7. The mRNA (Con n=5, DM n=6) and protein (Con n=5, DM n=5) expression of PARP-1 (A), AMPK (B), Sirt1 (C), Akt (D), IKKα (E), NF-κB (F) and NLRP3 (G) in the atria of the 2 groups. The results are expressed as the means ± SD; *P<0.05 vs Con.

• 

  Figure 8. Potential mechanisms of DM-induced AF.