A surface chemistry-regulated gradient multi-component solid electrolyte interphase for a 460 W h kg ⁻¹ lithium metal pouch cell

We present a simple and scalable surface chemical approach of spraying a dilute DFFSA solution on the Li surface to eliminate the native passivation layer and form a multi-component SEI, enabling stable cycling of a 460 W h kg −1 Li metal pouch cell.