Multi-impacts of climate change and mitigation strategies in Nigeria: agricultural production and food security

Climate change poses a significant threat to Nigeria's agricultural sector, which is a cornerstone of its economy and food security. The increasing frequency of extreme weather events, erratic rainfall patterns, and rising temperatures have disrupted agricultural productivity, threatening the livelihoods of millions of Nigerians. Through a comprehensive literature review, synthesizing data from peer-reviewed journals, institutional reports, and credible online sources from 2000 to 2023, this study aims to explore the multi-faceted impacts of climate variability on agricultural production, livestock, fisheries, and food security in Nigeria, and to identify effective adaptation strategies to mitigate these impacts. The findings reveal that climate change has significantly disrupted agricultural productivity in Nigeria, with erratic rainfall, rising temperatures, and extreme weather events leading to reduced crop yields, increased pest and disease pressure, and land degradation. Vulnerable crops such as maize, cassava, and rice are particularly affected, while livestock production faces challenges such as heat stress and reduced feed availability. The fisheries sector is also impacted, with shrinking water resources and increasing contamination levels threatening livelihoods. Adaptation strategies, including crop diversification, improved irrigation, and indigenous knowledge practices, offer some resilience but require substantial policy and financial support. The study highlights the urgency of implementing climate-smart agricultural practices, enhancing infrastructure, and promoting public-private partnerships to mitigate climate-induced risks. Recommendations align with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 2 (Zero Hunger), 13 (Climate Action), and 15 (Life on Land), emphasizing the need for sustainable agricultural practices, ecosystem preservation, and adaptive policy frameworks to ensure food security and economic stability in Nigeria. This study provides valuable insights into the impacts of climate change on Nigeria's agricultural sector and offers practical recommendations for building resilience and ensuring sustainable food systems. It reveals the importance of collaborative efforts at all levels to address the challenges posed by climate change and safeguard the nation's agricultural heritage for future generations.