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rejection of 99.02%. The significant enhancement in membrane performance is attributed to the synergistic effects of improved hydrophilicity, surface charge, and enhanced interfacial structure due to the presence of the SC interlayer. The results of this study highlight the waste-derived functional interlayers as an effective strategy to overcome the permeability-selectivity trade-off in advanced desalination membranes.
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Alharthi et al. (2026) studied this question.
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