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Biofouling often occurs simultaneously with fogging, presenting significant challenges to visibility, safety, and operational efficiency. The development of biocompatible coatings that offer both antifouling performance and stability under fogging conditions is highly sought after. A method to form multifunctional coatings is presented, utilizing a zwitterionic nanocellulose composite material that demonstrates both antifogging and antifouling properties, suitable for application on various surfaces. Cellulose nanofibers are modified with lysine to impart zwitterionic characteristics, enhancing hydrophilicity and antifouling performance. Polyacrylic acid is incorporated as a binder, ensuring tight integration of the zwitterionic cellulose nanofibers, which further improves coating uniformity, stability, and adhesion. The resulting coating exhibits superior antifogging properties, excellent adhesion resistance, and mechanical strength while remaining nontoxic to biological organisms. This coating effectively addresses practical needs in applications such as medical endoscopy, food preservation, and marine antifouling. The research offers new insights and approaches for the development of eco-friendly and transparent protective coatings.
Duan et al. (2025) studied this question.