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Since Adam Smith, mankind has tried to organize human activity to yield highest productivity and efficiency. During relatively short history of and administrative sciences, there have been numerous articles, books, and monographs with such titles as the efficient organization, the effective organization, organizational all evidence that idea of effectiveness has often been a central theme in theory literature. Research and debate on leadership, motivational and structural-contingency theories and interorganizational relationships, ultimately deal with explanation and prediction of effectiveness.
Pennings et al. (1977) studied this question.