Data on nonfatal overdose hospitalizations and emergency department (ED) visits were obtained from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project's (HCUP) National Inpatient Sample (NIS) and Nationwide Emergency Department Sample (NEDS) 2016 surveys, which are sponsored by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Data on mortality were obtained from the National Vital Statistics System's (NVSS) 2017 mortality files through CDC WONDER (Wide-ranging Online Data for Epidemiology Research).
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Kral et al. (2020) studied this question.
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