Electrophilic molecule-induced π–π interactions reduce energy disorder of the hole transport layer for highly efficient perovskite solar modules

Co-assembled the highly electrophilic FCNO 2 with PTAA can effectively reduce the energy disorder of NiO x /PTAA through π–π interactions and charge transfer, thereby achieving an efficiency of 20.6% and excellent stability in 100 cm 2 inverted PSM.