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Abstract. Quantifying the total liquid water amounts (LWAs) in the Greenland ice sheet (GrIS) is critical for understanding GrIS firn processes, mass balance, and global sea level rise. Although satellite microwave observations are very sensitive to ice sheet melt and thus can provide a way of monitoring the ice sheet melt globally, estimating total LWA, especially the subsurface LWA, remains a challenge. Here, we present a microwave retrieval of LWA over Greenland using enhanced-resolution L-band brightness temperature (TB) data products from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) satellite for the 2015–2023 period. L-band signals receive emission contributions deep in the ice sheet and are sensitive to the liquid water content (LWC) in the firn column. Therefore, they can estimate the surface-to-subsurface LWA, unlike higher-frequency signals (e.g., 18 and 37 GHz bands), which are limited to the top few centimeters of the surface snow during the melt. We used vertically polarized TB (V-pol TB) with empirically derived thresholds to detect liquid water and identify distinct ice sheet zones. A forward model based on radiative transfer (RT) in the ice sheet was used to simulate TB. The simulated TB was then used in an inversion algorithm to estimate LWA. Finally, the retrievals were compared with the LWA obtained from two sources. The first source was a locally calibrated ice sheet energy and mass balance (EMB) model, and the second source was the Glacier Energy and Mass Balance (GEMB) model within NASA's Ice-sheet and Sea-level System Model (ISSM). Both models were forced by in situ measurements from six automatic weather stations (AWSs) of the Programme for Monitoring of the Greenland Ice Sheet (PROMICE) and the Greenland Climate Network (GC-Net) located in the percolation zone of the GrIS. The retrievals show generally good agreement with both the references, demonstrating the potential for advancing our understanding of ice sheet physical processes to better project Greenland's contribution to the global sea level rise in response to the warming climate.
Hossan et al. (Mon,) studied this question.