Enoxaparin induces apoptosis and autophagy, modulates inflammatory signaling, and reduces oxidative DNA damage in breast and liver cancer cells

Figures

• 

  Fig. 1. Impact of enoxaparin on cell viability in (A) MDA-MB-231, (B) HepG2, and (C) HEK-293 cell lines after 24 and 48 h of treatment, as assessed by the MTT assay. Cell viability values were normalized to the corresponding time-matched control groups and expressed as percentage viability. Data are presented as mean ± SD. Statistical analysis was performed using two-way ANOVA. Statistical analyses were performed separately for the 24 h and 48 h groups. **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.

• 

  Fig. 2. TUNEL staining of MDA-MB-231 and HepG2 cells after 48 h enoxaparin treatment. Apoptotic cells appear as green fluorescence (×40).

• 

  Fig. 3. Effects of enoxaparin on the intensity of TUNEL immunoreactivity in MDA-MB-231 and HepG2 cells. Cells were treated with enoxaparin for 48 h. Fluorescence intensity was quantified using Image J software. ***p < 0.0001.

• 

  Fig. 4. Representative immunofluorescence images of NF-κB expression in MDA-MB-231 and HepG2 cells after 48 h enoxaparin treatment. NF-κB is visualized as green fluorescence (×40).

• 

  Fig. 5. Representative immunofluorescence images of TNF-α expression in MDA-MB-231 and HepG2 cells after 48 h enoxaparin treatment. TNF-α is visualized as green fluorescence (×40).

• 

  Fig. 6. IL-6 expressions of the MDA-MB-231 and HepG2 cell lines treated with 48 h enoxaparin. Green immunofluorescence is reflective of IL-6 expressions under the fluorescent microscope (×40).

• 

  Fig. 7. Immunoreactivity intensity of NF-κB, TNF-α, and IL-6 in MDA-MB-231 and HepG2 cells treated with enoxaparin for 48 h. Data are presented as mean ± SD (n = 10). Statistical analysis was performed using an unpaired t-test. **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.0001, ns: not significant.

• 

  Fig. 8. Representative immunofluorescence images of LC3 expression in MDA-MB-231 and HepG2 cells after 48 h enoxaparin treatment. LC3 is visualized as green fluorescence (×40).

• 

  Fig. 9. p62 expressions of the MDA-MB-231 and HepG2 cell lines treated with enoxaparin. Red immunofluorescence is reflective of p62 expressions under the fluorescent microscope (×40).

• 

  Fig. 10. Immunoreactivity intensity of LC3, and p62 in MDA-MB-231 and HepG2 cells treated with enoxaparin for 48 h. Data are presented as median (Q1–Q3) (n = 10). Statistical analysis was performed using the Mann–Whitney U test. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.0001.

• 

  Fig. 11. Bar graph showing mean 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) levels in MDA-MB-231 and HepG2 cells following enoxaparin treatment. Group comparisons were performed using an independent samples t-test. Data are presented as mean ± SD, ***p < 0.0001.