This study examines the information pilots require to maintain situation awareness (SA) in surface trajectory-based operations (STBO), a future airport navigation concept that adds complexity by imposing speed constraints. Systems supporting pilots in STBO have been proposed, but formal analysis of pilot SA requirements have not been documented to guide their design. Such analysis may be conducted with a goal-directed task analysis (GDTA), which identifies SA requirements. However, GDTA relies on operator experience, limiting its use for future operations such as STBO. To answer this challenge, we introduce a future-oriented GDTA (foGDTA), which proposes additions to the interview step of the GDTA. We apply the foGDTA with five professional pilots. Fourteen STBO-specific SA requirements are identified, six of which are not supported by existing displays. From these findings, we propose five design guidelines for STBO support displays to enhance SA and performance. We also highlight broader implications for STBO operations, including the need to factor pilot workload into trajectory computation and to provide more flexibility to flight crews.
Conan et al. (Tue,) studied this question.