Atomic Spectroscopy Probes of New Physics

Precision spectroscopy has long played a central role in testing the foundations of physics, from the early insights that led to the development of quantum mechanics to the validation of quantum electrodynamics and the determination of fundamental constants. Today, advances in atomic and molecular spectroscopy enable sensitive searches for physics beyond the Standard Model. A broad class of well-motivated extensions predicts new light degrees of freedom with feeble couplings to electrons, muons, and nucleons, giving rise to tiny spin-independent interactions that can be probed at low energies. In this review, we present a unified overview of spectroscopic searches for such interactions. We discuss the effective theoretical framework connecting fundamental interactions to atomic and nuclear observables, survey the key experimental and theoretical strategies, and review the atomic and molecular systems that provide the strongest sensitivity. We conclude with updated spectroscopic constraints on representative benchmark models, highlighting the unique and complementary role of precision spectroscopy in exploring new fundamental interactions.