Appendix I — The Five Generations of International Relations (IR⁰–IR³)

This appendix develops the historical typology underpinning the Third Generation in International Relations (3GIR) framework. It distinguishes five overlapping configurations—IR⁰, IR¹, IR², IR²⁺, and IR³—as analytical layers rather than rigid chronological stages or self-contained civilisations. The typology traces changes in the dominant organisation of authority, sovereignty, diplomacy, institutional coordination, interdependence, networked communication, data infrastructures, and decision processes. The framework applies a non-substitution principle: later configurations do not erase earlier institutions, and no date, technology, platform, political leader, or crisis is sufficient by itself to establish a generational transition. The appendix provides explicit definitions, historical windows, observable indicators, exclusion rules, mixed-case coding procedures, alternative explanations, and falsification conditions. It also clarifies the boundary between IR²⁺—accelerated network politics and populist disruption—and IR³, in which data, platforms, models, digital identity, infrastructure, or executable rules become operationally embedded in diplomacy or governance and produce demonstrable institutional, distributive, visibility, dependency, accountability, or decision effects. By positioning the typology within established International Relations scholarship, the appendix provides a bounded and reproducible foundation for comparative empirical research on algorithmically mediated diplomacy and governance.. Keywords: IR0, IR1, IR2, IR2⁺, and IR3 IR0, IR1, IR2, IR2⁺, and IR3, Digital infrastructures, Algorithmic Governance, Digital Diplomacy, Peace and Conflict Studies, Information Technology and Politics, International Law, Global Governance, International Law, International Relations, Symbolic Politics, International institutions, Populism, Cyber Conflict, Artificial Intelligence, Comparative Politics, Globalization, Political Theory, Global South, International Studies and Diplomacy, Media and Politics, The 3th Gen International Relations, The Third Generation International Relations, Generations Of International Relations, Osama S Qatrani, 3 Gen IR, The 3 Gen IR, The 3th Gen IR