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The urgent need to reduce fossil fuel emissions demands advanced control technologies beyond conventional catalysts. This review uniquely offers a comprehensive analysis of composite catalysts tailored to capture the full spectrum of fossil fuel pollutants, unlike prior studies that address individual emissions separately. It covers fundamental principles, reaction mechanisms, and recent material innovations, emphasizing multi-metallic, nanostructured, and hybrid catalyst designs. We highlight emerging synthesis and surface engineering methods that enhance performance under real-world conditions. Special focus is given to overcoming catalyst deactivation, selectivity challenges, and scalability while aligning with evolving emission regulations. By integrating these aspects, this work establishes a definitive guide to next-generation composite catalysts, paving the way for breakthroughs in cleaner fossil fuel technologies and environmental sustainability.
Abifarin et al. (Thu,) studied this question.