Diabetic Nephropathy: From Pathophysiology to Treatment

Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) has been surging as the leading cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD), as approximately one-half, in Europe, United States, Japan, and Taiwan. While in Mainland China, it has surpassed glomerulonephritis to become the number 1 cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in hospitalized population (1.10% versus 0.75%) in 2015 and with a substantially ascending rate doubling over the past one decade In clinical practice, some individuals with diabetes mellitus do not progress to DKD even if their blood glucose is not strictly controlled, or they are not so easily to progress from diabetic nephropathy (DN) into ESRD However, some individuals are inevitable to progress into ESRD with perfect blood glucose