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For the first 30 years of its existence the exclusion of women from full membership in the constitution of the SANNCIANC contrasted with the participation of women in the deliberations, decision-making and campaigns of the organization (though not in the leadership).This apparent contradiction arose from the actuality of African women's involvement in resistance and the peculiar structure of the ANC, which allowed for ways in which women could participate.
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Frene Ginwala (1990) studied this question.
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