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Conductive hydrogel-based sensors are increasingly favored for flexible electronics due to their skin-like characteristics. However, conventional hydrogels suffer from significant swelling in humid environments and poor mechanical properties which largely restrict their applications in wearable electronic devices, especially for underwater sensing. Herein, drawing inspiration from the extracellular matrix (ECM) structure, a TPU-PVAc@AgNPs/MXene nanofibrous hydrogel composite (TPAMH) with excellent mechanical robustness and anti-swelling properties is developed. The TPAMH nanofibrous hydrogel composite is created by integrating the silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and MXene nanosheets into an interwoven network comprising of stiff TPU nanofibers as the fibril scaffold and formic acid-crosslinked PVA hydrogel fibers as the elastic matrix (PVAc). Benefiting from the unique ECM structure, the obtained nanofibrous hydrogel composites exhibit exceptional tensile strength (4.47 MPa), remarkable elongation at break (621%), excellent anti-swelling properties, and high detection sensitivity (maximum gauge factor = 105.02), which are sufficient to monitor body motions in both air and water environments effectively. They can detect large strain movements of fingers, elbows, wrists, and knees, as well as small strain physiological signals such as frown, smile, and pulse beats, with high accuracy. Particularly noteworthy is their ability to accurately identify underwater multidirectional motions and facilitate underwater smart alarms using Morse code.
Ren et al. (Mon,) studied this question.