Review on the Green Synthesis of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles for Antimicrobial Activity Using Different Plant Parts

In recent years, green chemistry has witnessed a surge towards sustainable approaches for nanoparticle synthesis. Researchers are now exploring the potential of diverse plant extracts to produce ecological nanoparticles. Biomedical sciences increasingly focus on synthesizing various metal oxide nanoparticles (MONPs) mediated by plants due to their extensive biological applications. Plant-mediated biogenic synthesis of MONPs is a sustainable, less harmful, and low-cost method; additionally, it has advantages for biological analysis regarding antifungal and antibacterial activities. Plants contain diverse phytochemicals, including amino acids, terpenoids, polyphenols, and flavonoids, which can act as both reducing and stabilizing agents. This report focuses on the plant-mediated synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs), such as zinc oxide (ZnO), titanium dioxide (TiO2), iron oxide (FeO), nickel oxide (NiO), and copper oxide (CuO), offering essential insights into their antimicrobial activity against various bacterial strains in different concentrations. It explores their structural properties, such as shape and size, analysed through advanced techniques and their antimicrobial effectiveness against various microbe strains.