Cereal-Derived Arabinoxylans as Biological Response Modifiers: Extraction, Molecular Features, and Immune-Stimulating Properties

Arabinoxylans are of significant importance to human health due to their potential to modulate both the adaptive and innate immune systems. Arabinoxylans of various structures and sources have been shown to affect different immune cells to augment a wide range of immune responses in vitro and in vivo in animals and humans. This review article discusses current research on the immune-enhancing activities of arabinoxylans and other cereal polysaccharides in relation to their structural heterogeneity. There are inconsistencies in the literature regarding the relationships between the immunomodulatory effects and the structure and source of arabinoxylans. Possible mechanisms underlying these relationships which might explain the effects of such bioactive polysaccharides are proposed.