Moderate Physical Training Ameliorates Cardiovascular Dysfunction Induced by High Fat Diet After Cessation of Training in Adult Rats

Figures

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  FIGURE 1. Food intake (Kcal/week) during 8 weeks of treatment. n = 15–20 per group. NFD, normal-fat diet; HFD, high-fat diet; SED, sedentary animals; EXE, exercised animals; I, interaction between exercise and diet factors; E, exercise factor; D, diet factor. +p < 0.05 for probability based on a two-way analysis of variance.

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  FIGURE 2. Body weight (BW) during 8 weeks of treatment. n = 17–20 per group. NFD, normal-fat diet; HFD, high-fat diet; SED, sedentary animals; EXE, exercised animals; I, interaction between exercise and diet factors; E, exercise factor; D, diet factor. +++p < 0.001 and ++p < 0.01 for probability based on a two-way analysis of variance. ∗∗∗p < 0.001 statistical significance between NFD and HFD with 150-day-old, for the probability based on a Tukey multiple comparisons test.

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  FIGURE 3. Body tissue weight of 120 and 150-day-old animals. (A) Visceral fat (g/100gBW) at 150-day-old, (B) visceral fat (g/100gBW) at 120 day-old animals, (C) soleus muscle (g/100gBW) at 150-day-old animals. n = 11–19 per group. NFD, normal-fat diet; HFD, high-fat diet; SED, sedentary animals; EXE, exercised animals; I, interaction between exercise and diet factors; E, exercise factor; D, diet factor. +++p < 0.001, ++p < 0.01 and +p < 0.05 for probability based on a two-way analysis of variance. ∗∗∗p < 0.001 and ∗∗p < 0.01 statistical significance between NFD and HFD with 150-day-old and #p < 0.05 statistical significance between HFD groups, for the probability based on a Tukey multiple comparisons test.

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  FIGURE 4. Blood pressure in 150-day-old animals. (A) Systolic blood pressure, (B) diastolic blood pressure, (C) mean blood pressure, (D) pulse pressure, (E) heart rate. n = 7–9 per group. NFD, normal-fat diet; HFD, high-fat diet; SED, sedentary animals; EXE, exercised animals; I, interaction between exercise and diet factors; E, exercise factor; D, diet factor. ++p < 0.01 and +p < 0.05 for probability based on a two-way analysis of variance. ∗∗p < 0.01 and ∗p < 0.05 statistical significance of the differences between NFD and HFD for the probability based on a Tukey multiple comparisons test.

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  FIGURE 5. Spectral analyses on BP and pulse interval in 150-day-old animals. (A) Low frequency of systolic blood pressure, (C) high frequency of pulse interval, (B) ratio low frequency/ high frequency of pulse interval, (D) cardiac baroreflex gain. n = 5–9 per group. NFD, normal-fat diet; HFD, high-fat diet; SED, sedentary animals; EXE, exercised animals; I, interaction between exercise and diet factors; E, exercise factor; D, diet factor. +++p < 0.001, ++p < 0.01 for probability based on a two-way analysis of variance. ∗∗p < 0.01 and ∗p < 0.05 statistical significance of the differences between NFD and HFD. #p < 0.05 statistical significance of sedentary versus EXE for the probability based on a Tukey multiple comparisons test.

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  FIGURE 6. Lipid profile in 150-day-old animals. (A) Triglycerides, (B) total cholesterol, (C) HDL cholesterol, (D) LDL cholesterol. n = 8–10 per group. NFD, normal-fat diet; HFD, high-fat diet; SED, sedentary animals; EXE, exercised animals; I, interaction between exercise and diet factors; E, exercise factor; D, diet factor. +++p < 0.001, ++p < 0.01 and +p < 0.05 for probability based on a two-way analysis of variance. ∗∗∗p < 0.001 and ∗∗p < 0.01 statistical significance of the differences between NFD and HFD. #p < 0.05 statistical significance of sedentary versus EXE for the probability based on a Tukey multiple comparisons test.