Enhancing MPPT efficiency in PV systems under partial shading: A hybrid POA&PO approach for rapid and accurate energy harvesting

• New meta-heuristic POA under the EN50530 test standard, the algorithm also showed sustained and stable tracking of ramp signals. Moreover, practical testing utilizing a new, low-cost indoor PV simulator confirmed the algorithm’s high performance under controlled conditions, yielding an average tracking efficiency of 97.03 % and a convergence time of 0.18 s. This paper highlights the capacity of the developed algorithm to reliably, accurately, and swiftly achieve high energy transfer efficiency. Additionally, the innovative and economical experimental testing methods employed are emphasized, contributing to the practical applicability and cost-effectiveness of the proposed solution.