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Abstract The smart city paradigm has evolved into a central framework for understanding digital transformation in urban contexts, yet it remains conceptually fragmented and architecturally heterogeneous. This paper addresses this dual fragmentation by systematically synthesizing 69 academic smart city definitions and contrasting them with empirical architectural patterns observed in leading European and North American cities. First, we derive an integrative definition that conceptualizes the smart city as a learning, cyber-socio-technical urban system integrating digital infrastructures, data resources, governance structures, and human capital to enhance quality of life, competitiveness, and ecological resilience. Second, we extend this conceptualization through a data- and database-oriented perspective that frames smart cities as heterogeneous urban data ecosystems governing the full data lifecycle via interoperable architectures and context-sensitive governance mechanisms. By linking normative theory with observable data-engineering practices, the study establishes a conceptual bridge between smart city discourse and urban data architecture, providing a structured foundation for future comparative research on adaptive urban data ecosystems.
Christian Anschütz (Wed,) studied this question.