Neural control of tumor immunity

Communication between the nervous system and the immune system has evolved to optimally respond to potentially dangerous stimuli both from within and outside the body. Tumors pose a severe threat to an organism and current therapies are insufficient for tumor regression in the majority of cases. Studies show that tumors are innervated by peripheral nerves from the sensory, parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems. Interactions between cancer cells, nerves and immune cells regulate overall tumor progression. Clinical studies have indicated the potential of targeting the peripheral nervous system for promoting anti-tumor immune responses. This view point provides an opinion on the current evidence and therapeutic potential of manipulating neuro-immune communications in cancer.