Recent Advances in Molecular Biomarkers of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a highly heterogeneous and aggressive subtype of breast cancer characterized by the absence of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) expression. Due to the lack of specific molecular targets, TNBC does not respond to conventional hormone or HER2-targeted therapies, posing a major challenge in breast cancer treatment. In recent years, molecular biomarkers have shown significant promise in the diagnosis, prognosis, and personalized treatment of TNBC. In-depth investigation of these biomarkers may lead to the development of more effective diagnostic and therapeutic strategies, ultimately improving patient outcomes. This review focuses on recent research progress concerning key molecular biomarkers in TNBC and explores their potential clinical applications, aiming to provide a theoretical basis for the advancement of precision therapy in TNBC.