From “transitions in cities” to “transitions of cities”: The diffusion and adoption of solar hot water systems in urban China

Urban China provides a unique setting to examine the urban energy transitions. Rizhao, the Chinese 'solar city' is known for the rapid spread and popularization of solar hot water systems since the 1990s. In this paper we seek to understand how the specific urban conditions in Rizhao have favored the adoption of solar hot water systems to the extent that we can speak of an urban energy transition towards solar energy. To do so, this paper introduces a novel framework - the Dimensions of Urban Energy Transitions (DUET) framework - building upon theoretical thinking of both transitions studies and urban studies. The Rizhao case illustrates the dimensions of the DUET framework, analyzing specially the dynamic interactions between urban development processes and energy transitions. The case of Rizhao shows that transition possibilities are continuously shaped by the ongoing conflicts and alignments between industry interests and territorial priorities.