Model-Informed Precision Dosing (MIPD): The Evolution and Role of Pharmacists in Clinical Practice

A new paradigm in personalized medicine called Model-Informed Precision Dosing (MIPD) uses patient-specific data and statistical and mathematical models (pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, population PK/PD, physiologically based PK, and Bayesian forecasting) to optimize drug dosage. By taking into consideration inter-individual differences in drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and response, it seeks to optimize effectiveness while minimizing toxicity. With their knowledge of therapeutic drug monitoring, pharmacokinetics, drug therapy, and patient care, pharmacists are in a unique position to take the lead in the development, application, and use of MIPD in clinical settings. The history of MIPD is traced, the roles pharmacists play (and could play) in its implementation are examined, clinical evidence of its benefits is surveyed, important obstacles and enablers are discussed, and future directions for integrating MIPD more widely in healthcare are suggested.