Csi-let-7a-5p delivered by extracellular vesicles from a liver fluke activates M1-like macrophages and exacerbates biliary injuries

Significance Infection with liver flukes (such as Clonorchis sinensi s) can induce severe biliary injuries. But we don’t know how it happens. Here, we find that a microRNA Csi-let-7a-5p delivered by extracellular vesicles from C. sinensis is prone to M1-like activation of macrophages, thus leading to biliary proinflammatory responses and biliary injuries. These findings indicate a molecular mechanism contributing to biliary injuries caused by C. sinensis .