The governing nonlinear equations are transformed into ordinary differential equations using the fully developed flow assumption and solved through the Galerkin finite element method with quadratic interpolation functions. The results indicate that Kr-Al2O3 nanofluid exhibits the highest axial velocity and mass transfer rate due to its low viscosity and density, whereas EG-Al2O3 provides superior thermal stability and heat retention. EO-Al2O3 demonstrates intermediate transport behaviour under magnetohydrodynamic, radiative, and diffusive effects. Increasing the Hartmann number from 2 to 5 decreases the peak velocity by about 12.5% for EG-Al2O3 and 8.3% for Kr-Al2O3. Similarly, increasing the radiation parameter from 0.5 to 1.5 reduces the thermal boundary layer thickness by nearly 18–22% for all nanofluid formulations. The study highlights the influence of base-fluid selection on thermal transport performance and provides useful guidance for nanofluid-based thermal management applications.
No takes yet. Share an insight, caveat, or question.
Chandrakala et al. (2026) studied this question.
Synapse has enriched 5 closely related papers on similar clinical questions. Consider them for comparative context: